Edition 36
16 June 2006
Headlines
SCHOOL FUNDING
Please look at editions 31 and 32 in Archives to follow the ongoing debate and contact Alan Kerr to register your support for a change to the system.
NUMBERS - THEIR PLACE AND VALUE
The title of this week's notebook
THIS SPORTING LIFE
This week's essay.
RAISING OUR GAME
It may not be every schoolboy's dream to score the winning goal in the final of the World Cup but this harmless fantasy must recently have crossed the minds of a significant number of energetic young males - maybe even in the middle of a maths lesson. Great tournaments are always a good occasion to consider the sporting health of our schools even if this is something we should do all the time. So how healthy is the present state of school sport and what actually should it be achieving? One of its aims should certainly be to develop the talents of those who have natural ability and specialist schools, particularly, are able to give added support to these pupils. If this leads to more success in international competition then we can all bask in the glow. If it doesn't we can take the view that there are other more important things in life. Of greater significance than honing the ability of a few super stars is the aim of nurturing all pupils' physical and sporting potential. Sport for all must remain the focus of what takes place in school. Participating in sport has so much to offer that it must be given the high status it merits. It is enjoyable, exciting and relaxing and provides useful respite from cerebral exertion. It contributes to fitness and overall health, builds character and self-esteem and acts as an outlet for surplus energy and even aggression. For those who like to be competitive it provides the ideal arena and for those who like teamwork it has a lot to teach. Add to this the contribution it makes to future leisure pursuits, and, for some, future employment, then sport should arguably be part of the core curriculum. Physical education is essential for our young people's overall development. It is fair to say, however, that as a subject it is not in peak condition. Although many women teachers would not admit to the deficiency there are not enough men in primary schools who are able to give boys the breadth and depth of sporting activities they need. At both primary and secondary level the decline in inter-school fixtures has not only reduced the time spent playing games in a fully committed, competitive way it has also reduced the need for training sessions. Fewer meetings, less paperwork and more flexible pay arrangements would easily overcome this problem. Then there is the whole question of the crowded curriculum. Of course other subjects are important but, as has just been argued, physical education has so much to contribute it should be near the top of the table when it comes to priorities. Finally, among the shortcomings of the present situation, there is the continuing, woeful failure to use school playing fields, playgrounds and facilities outside school hours. That thousand of acres of recreational facilities all over the country are not being used for kicking a ball around after four o'clock in the afternoon is a national disgrace. Sport for all is about participating in sporting activities. However much enjoyment we get from cheering on our teams in front of televisions and big screens nothing beats taking part in some sort of physical pursuit. Schools need to raise their game considerably if they are to meet the challenge of inspiring all their pupils to enjoy their sport and do lots of it.
Notebook
NUMBERS - THEIR PLACE AND VALUE
Not number crunching, number chunking. A beautifully evocative expression. Solid, fit for purpose. Long may it pass the lips of all those involved in education. If you teach in a primary school you know what it means. If you don't it is just another of those mysterious mathematical terms which bemuses onlookers every so often. I haven't done a lot of chunking personally but enough to know what it involves. On the whole I like the idea - and for those in the know I'm including "partitioning" in the overall definition - which will probably upset the purists. Essentially it is a means of calculating with numbers, doing sums if you prefer, by breaking them down into their component parts to find meaningful ways to arrive at the answers. So 58 + 36 becomes 50 +30 to which is then added 8+6. The process can be done mentally or with jottings on paper. There is no putting one number above the other and adding first the units and then the tens in the traditional way. Numbers can be partitioned for adding, subtraction, multiplication and even long multiplication. When you partition for long multiplication you end up with what is known as the grid method rather than the long vertical calculations which were once common fare in the upper reaches of our primary schools. This new approach to calculating, which came in with the national numeracy strategy but is now being reconsidered, gives children an understanding of what is happening when numbers are being manipulated. Any method which helps children understand how numbers work has to be good. If they instantly know that the number 475 is made up of 400 + 70 + 5 they will have a much firmer grasp of what 3-digit numbers mean and what can be done with them. We all want that for our pupils. Unfortunately number chunking doesn't switch on all the lights in our mathematical caverns and the government is right to revisit the strategy. I remember, a long time ago, doing Fletcher maths in a school where I taught. The approach to number calculations was not dissimilar to the methods now in use but a lot of children found it confusing to have to learn different ways to reach an answer. Sometimes the methods were, and still are, unnecessarily complicated. The grid method of long multiplication, for example, is not an easy process to understand especially for pupils who struggle with their number work. Similarly some of the methods for subtraction and division are over elaborate and liable to cause confusion. Even the method used to add 58 and 36 is over elaborate. It is much better to partition one of the numbers, not both of them, so that the calculation becomes 58 add 30, then add 6 or, if preferred, 58 add 6, then add 30. But there is another, serious limitation with partitioning methods if they are relied upon too heavily. They do not fully illuminate the most fundamental feature of our number system, place value, and the miraculous power of the number 0. Without this invention we would still be using tally sticks or Roman numerals. Children need to know what a nought does and how it works, and they need to know about place value. The best way for them to become familiar with the concept is by setting out calculations in columns - hundreds, tens, units and more as necessary. They need to understand that each column has a different value and that the position of a digit in any given number determines the column into which it will be placed. Our base ten number system is one of the great achievements of humankind. Using vertical columns to do calculations is beautifully logical and efficient. And logic and efficiency, along with truth and beauty, are the essence of mathematics. Children must be shown how and why vertical calculations work and not simply learn them by rote as too often happens. There is no reason at all why the processes behind long multiplication or the decomposition method of subtraction cannot be explained properly (see note below) so that children are not in a haze when they are engaged in these processes. There is a place, and a value, in number crunching with traditional methods. There is a place, and a value, in number chunking. The two methods are not mutually exclusive. If children are to acquire the fullest possible competence and understanding they should be taught both.
Note:
3. And let's not forget the one obvious fact about numbers which applies to us all. Outside the classroom we use our calculators rather more often than we use a pencil and paper.
Essay
This column first appeared in the Bristol Evening Post.
THIS SPORTING LIFE
How exercised should we become about the way sports days are organised in schools? Is this time-honoured occasion a harmless ritual of summer fun or a distressing experience for all the little souls who trail behind the winners? Or is it, perhaps, essential preparation for the great egg and spoon race of life? Maybe it’s as well that most teachers are too exhausted at this time of year to give the matter much thought and prefer instead to concentrate their dwindling reserves of energy on checking the supply of bean bags and skipping ropes in readiness for the great event. But for those who are up to some gentle philosophical jousting there is plenty on offer. The underlying issues about the purpose of sport, and how it should be used in school, merit an airing even if this provokes muttering among parents or an outbreak of teacher bashing in the tabloids. No one disagrees about two obvious benefits. Sport instils the message of healthy physical exercise in young children and will continue to do so for as long as snooker and darts are kept off the PE syllabus. It also introduces children to forms of recreation which they can go on to enjoy for a lifetime. But beyond this core of common ground there is an interesting and occasionally impassioned debate. On the one hand there are those who contend that sport not only builds character but offers vital training for modern life. Competing in individual or team sports teaches self-discipline and respect both on off the field. It brings out qualities of determination and endurance and provides invaluable experience for dealing with setbacks, defeats and a few hard knocks. And, some would say, essential in our achievement-oriented culture, it hones our natural instincts to strive, compete and win. Putting the other side of the argument are those of a gentler spirit who value co-operation above competition and who question the purpose of the great rat race which modern society has become. For those who take this view, participating is more important than winning and achieving personal sporting goals, however limited they may appear, is just as rewarding as being first to cross the line. Everyone’s a winner in this way of thinking. The arguments no doubt will continue to run and run. Which is, of course, what young children will enjoy doing most when sports day comes along again this term.
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Edition 37 30 June 2006
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HEARTS AND MINDS
Our attitudes towards disability continue to progress. Society as a whole has moved from a position of supporting needs to the position of recognising rights. In recent years legislation has been introduced to prevent discrimination against people with disabilities and to ensure they are treated in the same way as everyone else. Although there are still too many instances where legal obligations are not being met the overall situation is a great improvement on that which was the norm two or three decades ago. In the areas of care, employment, transport, access to buildings, leisure, sport and, of course, education, there have been notable advances which have improved the quality of life for millions of people. Disabled people themselves, and campaigners for the rights of the disabled, have achieved enormous success in the way they have advanced their cause and made an unassailable argument for equal rights and opportunities.
But even more important than this collective transformation in attitudes is the way our individual attitudes have changed. The great debates on disability issues have challenged us all to question our preconceptions, beliefs and innermost feelings. Equal rights legislation has helped us understand that all members of society must be equally valued and that our common humanity is of equal worth. Families caring for disabled people have, of course, always understood these fundamental principles and have put them into practice through the love and care they have shown.
In the way we see our fellow humans with disabilities, in the way we talk to them, befriend them, help them, our hearts need to change as well as our minds. This is happening and it must continue to happen. In school we do a lot for minds but not enough for hearts. We should be finding ways to open them up so that warm and affectionate feelings develop between healthy pupils and the many members of our human family who have a disability of some sort. The move towards greater inclusion is one way of achieving this but there is scope for much more contact and interaction especially involving people with severe disabilities. If teachers and pupils can find the time to do this, both during and after school, individual perceptions and feelings will become even more positive and this will be to everyone's benefit.
A TASTE OF FREEDOM: SOME OUTDOOR EXERCISE
We lock up our young people in crowded, uncomfortable, airless buildings for too many hours in a day, for too many days in a year and for too many years in a life. Can we not give them a little taste of freedom in the summer and let them outside? All age groups - primary, secondary, tertiary.
Of course we can. Lock up the ICT suites, put away the laptops, get some pencils and paper, walk round the streets, visit the countryside and do some sketching. Spend a few days doing this - there are millions of things to draw.
Keep the pencils. Get some notebooks this time, and various guides from the library. Spend a week looking at churches, old buildings, landscapes, trees, flowers, insects, birds. Jot down some observations, do some more sketches, do some identifying, find out some information. Don't let the slightest thought of using the internet enter your head.
Put the notebooks away. Keep your trainers on, get your backpacks, some provisions, a waterproof and a map. Go and do some hiking. Long hikes - in the hills, the woods, the fields, the hills again, and then some more hills.
Let's hit the great outdoors. It's a frightening prospect to let millions of young people loose on the community but think of all the exercise they'll be getting. They'll be exercising their artistic abilities, exercising their curiosity about the world around them, exercising their bodies and, out in the open country, they'll be exercising their right to roam.
SCHOOL FUNDING
Please look at editions 31 and 32 in Archives to follow the ongoing debate and contact Alan Kerr to register your support for a change to the system. Thanks to the Western Daily Press for using the article on the subject.
NUMBERS - THEIR PLACE AND VALUE
See this week's notebook
THIS SPORTING LIFE
This week's essay
Notebook
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